Preliminary tests on the UAV-enabled installation of wireless sensors for monitoring inaccessible slopes
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Although remote sensing techniques (TLS, DPS) are useful for remote monitoring of wide areas with diffuse hazard, the deployment of sensors in contact with the ground (slopes, cliffs, rock blocks) is mandatory when a focused mechanism is underway. So far, most of the so-called ‘geotechnical sensors’ (tiltmeters, jointmeters, stress sensors), and some surveying systems or accessories (like prisms, targets, GNSS receivers), must be installed manually on the landslide body. Furthermore, in some cases cables for the power supply and data collection are needed. Besides the technical problems/difficulties, in some scenarios this installation phase may imply a high risk for the personnel in place. To overcome this issue, in the contribution we present some test carried out with wireless sensors installed by means of Uncrewed Aerial Vehicle (UAV). Concretely, we deployed several wireless precision tiltmeters (accuracy around 10 sexagesimal seconds), able to acquire several measures per minute, and with LOng-RAnge communication capability (data transmission within a network of nodes and gateways). The experiments were developed in the frame of a risk mitigation project leaded by the ICGC in the Montserrat massif (near Barcelona, Spain), an area of paramount geomechanical and societal interest. There, the targeted instability mechanisms are medium and large rockfalls. The research shows that the installation of sensors with UAV can be of great help in situations in which there is some difficulty in working with conventional methods, due to complicated access or high risk for operators. This deployment method should be considered to speed up the availability of real time monitoring as an eventual base of LEWS (landslide early warning systems).